Campylobacter and Salmonella on the increase in England

England saw an increase in Campylobacter and Salmonella reports from 2022 to 2024, according to recently released information.

The data comes from the UK Health Security Agency’s (UKHSA) first annual report summarizing infectious disease trends.

Between 2022 and 2024, there was an increase in Campylobacter laboratory reports, with the rate per 100,000 population going up by 27 percent from 96.1 in 2022 to 122 in 2024. During this time Salmonella reports also increased by 24.1 percent from a rate of 14.5 to 18 per 100,000 population.

In 2023, more than 60,000 Campylobacter cases were reported compared to more than 70,300 in 2024. In 2023, almost 8,900 Salmonella infections were recorded compared to nearly 10,400 in 2024.

The UKHSA said there are likely multiple factors driving the changes and further analyses are ongoing.

In 2023, there was an increase in Cryptosporidium lab reports which resulted in the rate almost doubling compared to 2022. This was driven by a rise in Cryptosporidium hominis which was seen across Europe. There was a decrease in reports in 2024.

Listeria and E. coli
Listeria cases in England and Wales stayed steady with 177 in 2023 and 178 in 2024. Clostridium perfringens infections in England went up from 1,659 to 1,702. Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) O157 rose from 538 to 567 and Yersinia increased from 454 to 660. Cyclospora cases almost doubled from 61 in 2023 to 123 in 2024.

Listeriosis has the highest incidence in those more than 80 years old. One sixth of infections in 2023 were associated with pregnancy, of which almost a quarter resulted in stillbirth or miscarriage. Seven outbreaks were linked to consumption of smoked fish, soft cheese and beef products.

An increase in STEC has been seen since the COVID-19 pandemic. One outbreak of STEC O145 in summer 2024 resulted in 288 patients. There were nine cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and two deaths. An investigation linked the outbreak to multiple types of sandwiches containing contaminated salad leaves.

The UKHSA has also published a list of 24 pathogen families that could pose the greatest risk to public health. It provides information on pathogens where the UKHSA believes further research would be most beneficial to boost preparedness.

Included in the list with transmission by food or water are adenovirus and norovirus, which both have a high domestic burden.

For bacteria, E. coli, including Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), STEC and Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), were classed as having a high domestic burden. It is also of critical antimicrobial resistance concern and there is a climate sensitive risk.

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